The African Commission recognises the rights of Indigenous Batwa people to return to their ancestral lands inside the Kahuzi-Biega National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo
The decision sets an important precedent for Indigenous Peoples' land rights.
The Kahuzi-Biega National Park is one of the largest in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It was established in 1970 by Adrien Deschryver, a Belgian conservation who was the son of the last Belgian Minister of the Colonies. In 1975, the government expanded the park from 60,000 hectares to 600,000 hectares.
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It is one of the last refuges of Grauer’s gorilla. But in the 1970s, up to 6,000 Indigenous Batwa people were violently evicted from their land in the park.
The Batwa received no compensation and the government made no relocation arrangements. Minority Rights Group writes that,
They were forced into decades of grinding impoverishment, severe discrimination, landlessness and skyrocketing mortality in informal settlements on the outskirts of the park.
In 2022, Minority Rights Group published a report that documented a three-year campaign of violence by park authorities and soldiers to evict Batwa who had returned to their lands in 2018. The violence resulted in the deaths of at least 20 people, group rape of at least 15 people, and the forced eviction of hundreds of people.
The report, written by investigative journalist Robert Flummerfelt, is a shocking indictment of fortress conservation. Community members, park guards, and soldiers all described the attacks against Batwa villages in Kalehe in July to August 2019 as “the war”.
Minority Rights Group and Environnement, Ressources Naturelles et Developpemennt (ERND) filed a case with the African Commission of Human and Peoples Rights in 2015. Last week, the Commission ruled that the eviction of the Batwa from their lands in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park was a violation of their rights by the DRC government.
The ruling recognises the Batwa as the best guardians of biodiversity and calls for their return to their land inside the park. In a statement, Minority Rights Group writes that,
For the first time ever, the Commission’s ruling specifically recognizes an indigenous people’s crucial role in safeguarding the environment and biodiversity. It found that conservation models excluding indigenous peoples from their lands are not effective for fighting climate change in Africa.
Key recommendations from the Commission to the DRC government include:
• A full public apology to the Batwa, acknowledging the deadly abuse by ecoguards, eviction-related deaths and the inhumane living conditions to which Batwa have been subjected; • Legally recognize Batwa as full citizens of the DRC; • Pay compensation to the Batwa; • Demarcate and grant collective titles to Batwa over ancestral territories within the PNKB; • Establish a community development fund and share park revenues with Batwa; • Withdraw non-Batwa persons from Batwa ancestral lands.
Joe Eisen, Executive Director of the Rainforest Foundation, comments that,
“This decision from the African Commission is an important milestone in the struggle against fortress conservation in the Congo Basin. We now urge the DRC government and its international partners to provide redress for the Batwa and the countless other victims of DRC’s other strictly protected areas and to commit to achieving the goal of protecting 30 percent of the national territory by 2030 (‘30x30’) through rights-based, community-centred approaches.”
The statement is posted here in full:
The African Commission sets a significant precedent for indigenous peoples’ land rights in the context of conservation
The Commission’s decision on Kahuzi-Biega National Park is an important victory for the Batwa people of the Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as a step towards more inclusive conservation practices in the region.
Forest Peoples Programmes (FPP), Rainforest Foundation UK (RFUK), Amnesty International (AI) and Indigenous Peoples’ Law and Policy Programme (IPLP) enthusiastically welcome an historic decision from the African Commission of Human and Peoples Rights last week in favour of the Batwa people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Following a decades long legal battle, the Commission found that the DRC government violated multiple human rights protected by the African Charterof Human and Peoples Rights (The African Charter), in a land rights case that dates back to the 1970s. The case was brought by Minority Rights Group (MRG) and Environnement, Ressources Naturelles et Developpement (ERND) on behalf of the Batwa People and was filed at the African Commission in 2015.
The case relates to the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (PNKB, by its French acronym) in eastern DRC. The Batwa were expelled from their ancestral land in the 1970s to create the park. The Indigenous People were given no compensation and no other land to live on. They have been campaigning for the DRC to return their land to them ever since.
This decision from the African Commission recognises for the first time not only that the DRC violated the Batwa’s rights when establishing the PNKB, but also that ‘fortress conservation’ - a conservation model based on creating strict protected areas that exclude people - failed to achieve environmental objectives. This decision from the African Commission opens the door to other, better conservation practices.
“I was happy to hear it. It is a feeling of satisfaction for us Batwa to learn of this decision regarding our complaint and the recommendations addressed to the DRC in our favour,” said a victim of the evictions who chose to remain anonymous.
“But we still have some concerns, such as when will we become owners of our land and when will all those recommendations be fully implemented and respected by the state? We have suffered so much and for so long, now the community deserves to go back to their land and have their rights respected.
“We thank the African Commission for this decision, and we hope that it will not stay as a dead leaf and that it will be considered by our government. Finally, I ask all the indigenous Batwa to take ownership of this decision and to protect itself from any illicit act linked to the destruction of biodiversity,” said a Twa, victim of the evictions who chose to remain anonymous.
The Batwa people have been living on their ancestral lands at Kahuzi-Biega for centuries. They are one of forest-dwelling peoples and among the most marginalised communities in the DRC. Their eviction from their land has had an enormously detrimental impact on the pursuit of their traditional lifestyle, religious and cultural life, and their very existence as an Indigenous People. They have not only been denied access to the natural resources located on their lands but have faced deep and entrenched discrimination in their access to the most basic services, including education and health care. But above all and since 2019, this People has been the subject of serious violations and repeated attacks, in particular allegations that militarized eco-guards of the park raped, killed and terrorized communities returning to their ancestral lands. This has been all very well documented by MRG in an investigative report from 2022.
In its decision, the African Commission found that the DRC government violated at least 10 articles of the African Charter, to which DRC is a signatory and party. These included the rights to life, to property, to natural resources, to development, to religion and to culture.
‘Crucially the African Commission has recognised that the Batwa, and consequently many other Indigenous Peoples all around the continent, have a critical role to play in conserving and protecting their land and natural resources,” said Jennifer Castello of FPP.
“The Commission has recognised that the so-called ‘fortress conservation’ is ineffective for preserving and protecting the biodiversity of PNKB. To succeed, conservation has to be based on securing Indigenous Peoples’ land rights, not on evicting them from the lands they have conserved for generations.”
Given that the DRC has recently adopted a specific legislation to protect the rights of Indigenous Peoples in the country, it is about time that the Batwa of the PNKB finally obtain justice and receive support to go back to their land.
FPP, RFUK, AI and IPLP urge the DRC to fully respect the Commission’s calls to the government and to take immediate steps to remedy the violations experienced by the Batwa over decades. We also urge all donors and conservation organisations engaged in the DRC to work with the government to fully implement the decision, ensure that conservation at PNKB recognises and respects the rights of the Batwa to their ancestral lands, and supports the People to take the leading role in conserving and protecting them.
More broadly, we urge the government and its international partners to provide redress to other victims of ‘fortress conservation’ in DRC’s other protected areas and to ensure that all conservation initiatives are implemented through rights-based, community-centred approaches.
Signatories:
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This is excellent that the rights of the Batwa Peoples may actually be restored. But it should be plainly spelled out in the settlements, that if, after receiving title for their land and resources, they should choose to “sell out” to, for instance, an oil or mining company, that their Indigenousness expires upon Capitalization. Too often, big business can come in (as they do for offsets programmes) with weasel-words and promises, and acquire extractive rights from the people. Any such corporate or neo-colonial extractivism should annul the settlements.
This is excellent that the rights of the Batwa Peoples may actually be restored. But it should be plainly spelled out in the settlements, that if, after receiving title for their land and resources, they should choose to “sell out” to, for instance, an oil or mining company, that their Indigenousness expires upon Capitalization. Too often, big business can come in (as they do for offsets programmes) with weasel-words and promises, and acquire extractive rights from the people. Any such corporate or neo-colonial extractivism should annul the settlements.